Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man, a man inscribed in a circle and a square — Vitruvian ManLeonardo da Vinci · c. 1490

Copernicus's heliocentric diagram from De revolutionibus orbium coelestium — The Sun at the centreNicolaus Copernicus · 1543

An anatomical figure from Vesalius's Fabrica — De humani corporis fabricaAndreas Vesalius · 1543

The Toruń portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus — Nicolaus CopernicusToruń portrait · c. 1580

Kepler's model of the planetary orbits as nested Platonic solids — Mysterium CosmographicumJohannes Kepler · 1596

Galileo's ink-wash drawings of the Moon's phases, made at the telescope — The Moon through a telescopeGalileo Galilei · 1609

Portrait of Galileo Galilei by Justus Sustermans — Galileo GalileiJustus Sustermans · 1636

Robert Hooke's compound microscope, engraved for Micrographia — Hooke's microscopeRobert Hooke · 1665

Robert Hooke's engraving of a flea seen through a microscope — A flea, from MicrographiaRobert Hooke · 1665

Robert Hooke's engraving of cork seen through a microscope, the plate where he named the cell — Cork cells, from MicrographiaRobert Hooke · 1665

Jan Verkolje's portrait of the microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek — Antonie van LeeuwenhoekJan Verkolje · c. 1680

The title page of Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica — Principia MathematicaIsaac Newton · 1687

Portrait of Isaac Newton by Godfrey Kneller — Isaac NewtonGodfrey Kneller · 1689

Johann Kerseboom's portrait of the chemist Robert Boyle — Robert BoyleJohann Kerseboom · c. 1689

Maria Sibylla Merian's plate of blue morpho butterflies with their caterpillar and pupa on a Surinam plant — Metamorphosis insectorum SurinamensiumMaria Sibylla Merian · 1705

Jakob Emanuel Handmann's portrait of Leonhard Euler — Leonhard EulerJakob Emanuel Handmann · 1753

Alexander Roslin's portrait of Carl Linnaeus — Carl LinnaeusAlexander Roslin · 1775

Joseph-Siffred Duplessis's portrait of Benjamin Franklin — Benjamin FranklinJoseph-Siffred Duplessis · c. 1785

Patterns of sand on vibrating plates, as Ernst Chladni first showed them — Chladni figuresErnst Chladni · 1787

Jacques-Louis David's portrait of the chemists Antoine and Marie-Anne Lavoisier — Antoine and Marie-Anne LavoisierJacques-Louis David · 1788

Marie-Anne Paulze Lavoisier's engraving of the apparatus for Lavoisier's experiments on combustion — Lavoisier's laboratory apparatusMarie-Anne Paulze Lavoisier · 1789

A plate from Galvani's De viribus electricitatis showing his frog-leg experiment — Frog legs and electricityLuigi Galvani · 1791

An engraving of Volta's pile, discs of zinc and copper stacked with wet card — The first batteryAlessandro Volta · 1800

James Northcote's portrait of Edward Jenner, who made the first vaccine — Edward JennerJames Northcote · 1803

Benjamin West's painting of Benjamin Franklin's kite experiment — Franklin draws electricity from the skyBenjamin West · c. 1816

View from the Window at Le Gras, the oldest surviving camera photograph — The oldest surviving photographNicéphore Niépce · 1827

John James Audubon's plate of Carolina parakeets, a species now extinct — Carolina parakeets, The Birds of AmericaJohn James Audubon · 1828

Thomas Phillips's portrait of the chemist John Dalton — John DaltonThomas Phillips · 1835

Darwin's notebook sketch of a branching tree of life, headed I think — “I think”: the first tree of lifeCharles Darwin · 1837

Gaetano Bonatti's engraved portrait of Alessandro Volta — Alessandro VoltaGaetano Bonatti · 1837

Daguerre's daguerreotype of a Paris boulevard, with the first people ever photographed — Boulevard du TempleLouis Daguerre · 1838

Watercolour portrait of Ada Lovelace — Ada LovelaceAlfred Edward Chalon · c. 1840

Christian Albrecht Jensen's portrait of Carl Friedrich Gauss — Carl Friedrich GaussChristian Albrecht Jensen · 1840

Portrait of Michael Faraday by Thomas Phillips — Michael FaradayThomas Phillips · 1842

Portrait of the fossil hunter Mary Anning with her dog on the shore at Lyme Regis — Mary Anningbefore 1842

Joseph Karl Stieler's portrait of Alexander von Humboldt — Alexander von HumboldtJoseph Karl Stieler · 1843

John Gould's drawings of the heads of four Galápagos finches — Darwin's finchesJohn Gould · 1845

John Snow's map of cholera deaths around the Broad Street pump in Soho — The cholera mapJohn Snow · 1854

Florence Nightingale's rose diagrams of deaths in the Crimean War — Causes of mortality in the armyFlorence Nightingale · 1858

Henry Hering's photograph of Florence Nightingale — Florence NightingaleHenry Hering · c. 1860

Maxwell's three-colour photograph of a tartan ribbon — The first colour photographJames Clerk Maxwell · 1861

Photograph of Gregor Mendel — Gregor Mendelc. 1862

Photograph of Charles Darwin by Julia Margaret Cameron — Charles DarwinJulia Margaret Cameron · c. 1868

Mendeleev's periodic table of the elements — The periodic tableDmitri Mendeleev · 1871

Muybridge's sequence of a galloping horse, frame by frame — The Horse in MotionEadweard Muybridge · 1878

Thomas Edison's patent drawing of the incandescent electric lamp — The electric lamp patentThomas Edison · 1880

An engraving of James Clerk Maxwell by G. J. Stodart — James Clerk MaxwellG. J. Stodart · 1882

Photograph of Dmitri Mendeleev — Dmitri Mendeleev1890s

Napoleon Sarony's photograph of Nikola Tesla — Nikola TeslaNapoleon Sarony · c. 1890

Photograph of Louis Pasteur by Paul Nadar — Louis PasteurPaul Nadar · before 1895

Wilhelm Röntgen's X-ray of his wife Anna Bertha's hand, showing her ring — Hand mit RingenWilhelm Röntgen · 1895

Photograph of the naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace — Alfred Russel WallaceLondon Stereoscopic Company · c. 1895

Photograph of the astronomer Henrietta Swan Leavitt — Henrietta Swan Leavittc. 1898

Ramón y Cajal's drawing of Purkinje and granule cells from a pigeon's cerebellum — Purkinje cellsSantiago Ramón y Cajal · 1899

Nikola Tesla's magnifying transmitter throwing sparks in his Colorado Springs laboratory — Tesla's Colorado Springs labDickenson V. Alley · 1899

Photograph of the neuroscientist Santiago Ramón y Cajal — Santiago Ramón y Cajal1899

Photograph of the microbiologist Robert Koch — Robert Kochc. 1900

The Wright Flyer lifting off at Kitty Hawk — The first powered flightJohn T. Daniels · 1903

Ernst Haeckel's plate of jellyfish, Discomedusae — Kunstformen der NaturErnst Haeckel · 1904

Photograph of the mathematician Emmy Noether — Emmy Noetherbefore 1910

Photograph of the agricultural scientist George Washington Carver — George Washington Carverc. 1910

The total solar eclipse of 1919, photographed to measure the bending of starlight — The eclipse that tested relativityFrank Dyson, Arthur Eddington · 1919

Photograph of Marie Curie — Marie CurieHenri Manuel · c. 1920

Photograph of the mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan — Srinivasa Ramanujanbefore 1920

Photograph of Albert Einstein — Albert EinsteinFerdinand Schmutzer · 1921

Photograph of Niels Bohr — Niels BohrLagrelius & Westphal · c. 1922

Louis Bachrach's photograph of Thomas Edison — Thomas EdisonLouis Bachrach · c. 1922

Jagadish Chandra Bose with his apparatus in front of a blackboard — Jagadish Chandra BoseAgence Meurisse · 1926

The physicists of the 1927 Solvay Conference on electrons and photons — The Solvay ConferenceBenjamin Couprie · 1927

Photograph of Alan Turing aged 16 — Alan Turingc. 1928

Carl Anderson's cloud chamber photograph of the first positron, curving through a lead plate — The first positronCarl D. Anderson · 1932

Photograph of Max Planck — Max Planck1933

Photograph of the physicist Enrico Fermi at a control panel — Enrico FermiU.S. Department of Energy · 1943–49

Photograph of the marine biologist Rachel Carson — Rachel CarsonU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · 1944

Lise Meitner lecturing at the Catholic University in Washington, D.C. — Lise MeitnerSmithsonian Institution · 1946

Glen Beck and Betty Snyder programming the ENIAC computer — Programming ENIACU.S. Army · c. 1947

The geneticist Barbara McClintock at her microscope in her laboratory — Barbara McClintockScience Service · 1947

A replica of Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite — Sputnik 1NSSDC · 1957

The physicist Chien-Shiung Wu in her laboratory at Columbia University — Chien-Shiung WuScience Service · 1963

Earth rising over the Moon's horizon, photographed from Apollo 8 — EarthriseWilliam Anders, Apollo 8 · 1968

The Saturn V rocket carrying Apollo 11 lifting off — Apollo 11 lifts offNASA · 1969

Buzz Aldrin standing on the Moon, photographed by Neil Armstrong — A man on the MoonNeil Armstrong, Apollo 11 · 1969

The whole Earth photographed from Apollo 17 — The Blue MarbleApollo 17 · 1972

Photograph of the NASA mathematician Katherine Johnson — Katherine JohnsonNASA · 1983

Commodore Grace Hopper in U.S. Navy uniform — Grace HopperJames S. Davis · 1984

The Earth as a tiny point of light in a sunbeam, photographed by Voyager 1 from beyond Neptune — Pale Blue DotVoyager 1 · 1990

Thousands of distant galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field — The Hubble Deep FieldNASA, Hubble · 1995

The Pillars of Creation in the Eagle Nebula, photographed by Hubble — Pillars of CreationNASA, Hubble · 1995

Saturn and its rings, photographed by the Cassini spacecraft — Saturn from CassiniNASA, JPL, Cassini · 2008

The galaxy cluster SMACS 0723 and thousands of galaxies behind it, from the James Webb Space Telescope — Webb's First Deep FieldNASA, ESA, CSA, STScI · 2022

Autonomous ScienceBench

Accelerate the advent of autonomous science

Watch the film Join us

Collaborators

Film

Projects

From benchmarks
to autonomous science

AI agents run closed-loop experimental campaigns from real laboratories in biology, chemistry, and materials, designing each round of experiments and learning from the results.
Explore the bench

Cost vs. resolution rateAutonomous Science Bench 0.1

Fields

The science we cover

Protein helices drawn as glowing wireframe ribbons, salmon fading to teal — Protein engineering

The blue cells and silver grid lines of a solar panel — Photovoltaics

Neurons glowing red and green under a fluorescence microscope — Neuroscience

Swirling blue cloud bands of Jupiter, photographed by NASA's Juno — Planetary science

The striped pattern of a separating polymer mixture — Polymers

Blue DNA double helices rising through the frame, more fading behind — Genomics

The crossing Widmanstätten pattern of an iron-nickel meteorite — Metals & alloys

Gold line drawings of ginkgo leaves overlapping on a dark ground — Plant science

Gold and silver atoms packed across a catalyst surface — Catalysis & electrocatalysis

A crystal of trapped ions glowing in a hexagonal lattice — Quantum materials

Cells marked by a fluorescent small-molecule probe — Drug discovery

A branching snow crystal photographed by Wilson Bentley — Crystallization

Diatoms of many shapes under a microscope — Ocean science

The wiring of an integrated circuit in a scanning electron micrograph — Semiconductors

Bacterial colonies growing on a red agar plate — Synthetic biology

Crystals shining in polarized light — Reaction chemistry

The blue bands of a polished agate — Geoscience

A pink kunzite crystal, the lithium mineral spodumene — Energy storage

E. coli bacteria in a scanning electron micrograph — Microbiology

A tangle of carbon nanotubes in an electron micrograph — Nanomaterials

Translucent blue cells, each nucleus glowing inside its membrane — Virtual cell

A map of the crystal grains in a metal, each grain a different color — Advanced manufacturing

Drag to explore

What we build

Built for recursive scientific intelligence

Benchmarks

Measure agents on real lab campaigns.

ASB 0.1 · 9 agent setups · 6 tasks

Environments

Train in the loop, replay to physical lab.

v0Replay oracle
v1Digital twin
v2Physical lab

Same tasks · same agent API

Trajectories

Campaigns condensed into training tokens.

Models · simulations · experts · labs

Join us

Build autonomous science with us

Join the teamteam@autonomous-science-bench.ai